{"id":22012,"date":"2026-06-15T18:55:34","date_gmt":"2026-06-15T22:55:34","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/dev.impots-ici.com\/taxation\/international-taxation\/international-tax-treaties\/"},"modified":"2026-09-30T14:10:10","modified_gmt":"2026-09-30T18:10:10","slug":"international-tax-treaties","status":"publish","type":"page","link":"https:\/\/www.impots-ici.com\/en\/taxation\/international-taxation\/international-tax-treaties\/","title":{"rendered":"International Tax Treaties"},"content":{"rendered":"<div class=\"wpb-content-wrapper\" id=\"wpb-content-root\"><p>[vc_row thsn-bg-color=&#8221;white&#8221; content_placement=&#8221;middle&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1667347298994{padding-bottom: 60px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1565181653979{padding-right: 70px !important;}&#8221; thsn-responsive-css=&#8221;95415368|colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_no||||||15||||colbreak_no|||||||||&#8221;][vc_row_inner content_placement=&#8221;middle&#8221; gap=&#8221;20&#8243;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">International tax treaties serve to regulate taxation when two countries can impose taxes on the same person, income, or transaction. They can influence tax residency, withholding taxes, pensions, dividends, interest, capital gains, employment income, business income, and foreign tax credits.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">They do not eliminate all tax obligations, but they can alter the outcome.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Imp\u00f4ts ici assists individuals, entrepreneurs, retirees, investors, and businesses who need to interpret a tax treaty between Canada and another country. Our team helps you understand the applicable rules and produce consistent tax returns.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;21575&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1781563824083{margin-bottom: 0px !important;}&#8221;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row thsn-text-color=&#8221;white&#8221; thsn-bg-color=&#8221;blackish&#8221; thsn-bg-image-color-order=&#8221;image-over-color&#8221; full_width=&#8221;stretch_row&#8221; content_placement=&#8221;middle&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1667343483628{padding-top: 50px !important;padding-bottom: 50px !important;}&#8221; thsn-responsive-css=&#8221;88925592|colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_yes|||||||||colbreak_no||||||||||colbreak_no|||||||||&#8221;][vc_column width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Your business requires <em>professionals<\/em> to support you&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:h3|font_size:36px|text_align:left|line_height:40px&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; el_class=&#8221;font-weight-normal thsn-globalcolor-em&#8221;][vc_custom_heading text=&#8221;Tax services, Canadian and international taxation, &#8230;&#8221; font_container=&#8221;tag:div|font_size:18px|text_align:left|line_height:20px&#8221; use_theme_fonts=&#8221;yes&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;font-italic&#8221;][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243; thsn-responsive-css=&#8221;34099074|colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_no|||||25||||colbreak_no||||||||||colbreak_no|||||||||&#8221;][vc_btn title=&#8221;Consult an expert&#8221; style=&#8221;classic&#8221; shape=&#8221;square&#8221; color=&#8221;gradientcolor&#8221; align=&#8221;right&#8221; el_class=&#8221;thsn-align-left-991&#8243; link=&#8221;url:%2Fen%2Fcontact%2F&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row thsn-bg-image-color-order=&#8221;image-over-color&#8221; full_width=&#8221;stretch_row&#8221; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; content_placement=&#8221;middle&#8221; thsn-responsive-css=&#8221;55252952|colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_yes|||||||||colbreak_no||||||||||colbreak_no|||||||||&#8221;][vc_column thsn-bg-color=&#8221;light&#8221; thsn-extended-column=&#8221;left&#8221; width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1569933596147{padding-top: 100px !important;padding-right: 85px !important;padding-bottom: 60px !important;}&#8221; thsn-responsive-css=&#8221;84039426|colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_no||||||15||||colbreak_no|||||||||&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;21577&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;thsn-single-image-991&#8243;][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1570080018549{padding-top: 100px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;padding-left: 60px !important;}&#8221; thsn-responsive-css=&#8221;39439719|colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_no||||||15||15|colbreak_no||||||||15||colbreak_no|||||||||&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">A tax treaty generally aims to avoid double taxation and prevent tax evasion. It allocates taxing rights between two countries and provides mechanisms for granting a credit, exemption, or reduced rate. Canada has many tax treaties, but each treaty has its own articles, definitions, and conditions.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">It is not enough to know that a treaty exists. You must check if it applies to your situation, your residency status, the type of income, and the relevant period. The same country may treat a salary, pension, dividend, or capital gain differently.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row thsn-bg-color=&#8221;white&#8221; content_placement=&#8221;middle&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1667347298994{padding-bottom: 60px !important;}&#8221;][vc_column css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1565181653979{padding-right: 70px !important;}&#8221; thsn-responsive-css=&#8221;95415368|colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_no||||||15||||colbreak_no|||||||||&#8221;][vc_row_inner content_placement=&#8221;middle&#8221; gap=&#8221;30&#8243;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;2\/3&#8243;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">When a person is considered a resident of two countries according to the internal rules of each, the treaty may provide tie-breaker criteria. These criteria may examine the permanent home, center of vital interests, habitual abode, nationality, or a procedure between competent authorities.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">This analysis is crucial for expatriates, newcomers, retirees abroad, and international families. A wrong conclusion about residency can lead to double reporting or omission. Imp\u00f4ts ici helps you document the facts and interpret the relevant articles.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;21579&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; alignment=&#8221;center&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;thsn-single-image-991&#8243;][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][vc_empty_space][vc_row_inner content_placement=&#8221;top&#8221; gap=&#8221;20&#8243;][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Tax treaties can reduce certain withholding taxes on dividends, interest, royalties, pensions, or other cross-border payments. They can also specify in which country employment or business income is taxable. However, applying a reduced rate may require proof of residency, forms, or steps with the payer.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">It is also important to distinguish the right to tax from the practical withholding mechanism. A payer may withhold an amount by default, even if the treaty allows for relief. You must document the request, produce the appropriate forms, or claim the amount on a return.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][vc_column_inner width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Even with a tax treaty, income may be taxed in two countries. The foreign tax credit often helps reduce double taxation when taxes have been paid abroad on income reported in Canada.<\/p>\n<blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">This credit must be calculated according to Canadian rules and applicable limits.<\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">The calculation requires accurately identifying foreign income, eligible foreign tax, converting to Canadian dollars, and the country involved. Credits do not replace the filing of information forms, such as T1135 or T1134, when required.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column_inner][\/vc_row_inner][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row thsn-text-color=&#8221;white&#8221; thsn-bg-color=&#8221;gradientcolor&#8221; full_width=&#8221;stretch_row&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1667433818746{margin-top: -20px !important;padding-top: 60px !important;padding-bottom: 60px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;thsn-two-colum-view-991-to-768&#8243;][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243;]<div  class=\"themesion-ele themesion-ele-fid themesion-ele-fid-style-1 \"><div class=\"thsn-fld-contents d-flex align-items-center\">\r\n\t<div class=\"thsn-sbox-icon-wrapper\"><i class=\"thsn-mentry-icon thsn-mentry-icon-employee\"><\/i><\/div>\t<div class=\"thsn-fld-wrap\">\r\n\t\t<div class=\"thsn-fid-inner\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span\r\n\t\t\t\tclass\t\t\t\t  = \"thsn-number-rotate\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-appear-animation = \"animateDigits\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-from             = \"0\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-to               = \"3000\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-interval         = \"5\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-before           = \"\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-before-style     = \"\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-after            = \"\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-after-style      = \"\"\r\n\t\t\t\t>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t3000\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t<span class=\"thsn-fid-sub\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"thsn-fid-title\"><span>Satisfied Clients<br><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div><!-- .thsn-fld-contents -->\r\n<\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243; thsn-responsive-css=&#8221;97161218|colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_no|40|||||||||colbreak_no|||||||||&#8221;]<div  class=\"themesion-ele themesion-ele-fid themesion-ele-fid-style-1 \"><div class=\"thsn-fld-contents d-flex align-items-center\">\r\n\t<div class=\"thsn-sbox-icon-wrapper\"><i class=\"thsn-mentry-icon thsn-mentry-icon-contract\"><\/i><\/div>\t<div class=\"thsn-fld-wrap\">\r\n\t\t<div class=\"thsn-fid-inner\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span\r\n\t\t\t\tclass\t\t\t\t  = \"thsn-number-rotate\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-appear-animation = \"animateDigits\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-from             = \"0\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-to               = \"45000\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-interval         = \"5\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-before           = \"\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-before-style     = \"\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-after            = \"\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-after-style      = \"\"\r\n\t\t\t\t>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t45000\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t<span class=\"thsn-fid-sub\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"thsn-fid-title\"><span>Hours of Experience<br><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div><!-- .thsn-fld-contents -->\r\n<\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/3&#8243; thsn-responsive-css=&#8221;13921963|colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_no|40|||||||||colbreak_no|||||||||&#8221;]<div  class=\"themesion-ele themesion-ele-fid themesion-ele-fid-style-1 \"><div class=\"thsn-fld-contents d-flex align-items-center\">\r\n\t<div class=\"thsn-sbox-icon-wrapper\"><i class=\"thsn-mentry-icon thsn-mentry-icon-loan-3\"><\/i><\/div>\t<div class=\"thsn-fld-wrap\">\r\n\t\t<div class=\"thsn-fid-inner\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span\r\n\t\t\t\tclass\t\t\t\t  = \"thsn-number-rotate\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-appear-animation = \"animateDigits\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-from             = \"0\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-to               = \"10000000\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-interval         = \"5\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-before           = \"\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-before-style     = \"\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-after            = \"\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-after-style      = \"\"\r\n\t\t\t\t>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t10000000\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t<span class=\"thsn-fid-sub\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"thsn-fid-title\"><span>In Tax Savings<br><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div><!-- .thsn-fld-contents -->\r\n<\/div>[\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row thsn-bg-image-color-order=&#8221;image-over-color&#8221; full_width=&#8221;stretch_row&#8221; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; content_placement=&#8221;middle&#8221; thsn-responsive-css=&#8221;55252952|colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_yes|||||||||colbreak_no||||||||||colbreak_no|||||||||&#8221;][vc_column thsn-extended-column=&#8221;left&#8221; width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1667348284130{padding-top: 100px !important;padding-right: 60px !important;padding-bottom: 60px !important;}&#8221; thsn-responsive-css=&#8221;84039426|colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_no||||||15||||colbreak_no|||||||||&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">For businesses, tax treaties are essential to determine whether foreign activities create a permanent establishment or a filing obligation.<\/p>\n<blockquote><p>A non-resident business conducting activities in Canada may need to file a T2 even if it claims an exemption based on a treaty.<\/p><\/blockquote>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Service provisions, agents, offices, sites, contracts, and employees present in a country must be examined. A hasty interpretation can create unexpected withholdings, penalties, or filing obligations.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][vc_column thsn-bg-color=&#8221;light&#8221; thsn-extended-column=&#8221;right&#8221; width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; thsn-responsive-css=&#8221;39439719|colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_no||||||15||15|colbreak_no||||||||15||colbreak_no|||||||||&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1667348273741{padding-top: 100px !important;padding-bottom: 60px !important;padding-left: 60px !important;}&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;21581&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;thsn-single-image-991&#8243;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row thsn-bg-image-color-order=&#8221;image-over-color&#8221; full_width=&#8221;stretch_row&#8221; equal_height=&#8221;yes&#8221; content_placement=&#8221;middle&#8221; thsn-responsive-css=&#8221;55252952|colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_yes|||||||||colbreak_no||||||||||colbreak_no|||||||||&#8221;][vc_column thsn-bg-color=&#8221;light&#8221; thsn-extended-column=&#8221;left&#8221; width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1569933596147{padding-top: 100px !important;padding-right: 85px !important;padding-bottom: 60px !important;}&#8221; thsn-responsive-css=&#8221;84039426|colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_no||||||15||||colbreak_no|||||||||&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;21583&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;&#8221; el_class=&#8221;thsn-single-image-991&#8243;][\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1570080018549{padding-top: 100px !important;padding-bottom: 0px !important;padding-left: 60px !important;}&#8221; thsn-responsive-css=&#8221;39439719|colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_no||||||15||15|colbreak_no||||||||15||colbreak_no|||||||||&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Applying a tax treaty requires a technical reading, but also a concrete understanding of your situation. Imp\u00f4ts ici supports you in analyzing your status, the type of income, the applicable treaty, tax credits, forms, and supporting documents.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Whether you are a Canadian resident with foreign income, a non-resident with Canadian income, an international business, or a retiree living abroad, our firm helps you reduce the risks of double taxation and defend a consistent tax position.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Before applying a treaty, you must gather proof of residency, income documents, withholdings applied, foreign returns, presence dates, contracts, and the exact country involved. A treaty does not apply generally to a person: it applies to a specific income, period, and situation.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][vc_empty_space][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row thsn-text-color=&#8221;white&#8221; thsn-bg-color=&#8221;globalcolor&#8221; thsn-bg-image-color-order=&#8221;image-over-color&#8221; full_width=&#8221;stretch_row&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1570104720125{padding-top: 125px !important;padding-bottom: 90px !important;background-image: url(\/wp-content\/uploads\/2026\/06\/impots-ici-montreal-location-1.avif?id=21366) !important;background-position: center !important;background-repeat: no-repeat !important;background-size: cover !important;}&#8221; thsn-responsive-css=&#8221;20798863|colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_yes|||||||||colbreak_no||||||||||colbreak_no|||||||||&#8221;][vc_column][vc_btn title=&#8221;Learn more&#8221; style=&#8221;classic&#8221; shape=&#8221;square&#8221; color=&#8221;white&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1669485048013{margin-top: 10px !important;}&#8221; link=&#8221;url:%2Fen%2Fabout-us%2F&#8221;][\/vc_column][\/vc_row][vc_row thsn-bg-image-color-order=&#8221;image-over-color&#8221; full_width=&#8221;stretch_row&#8221; gap=&#8221;20&#8243; content_placement=&#8221;middle&#8221; thsn-responsive-css=&#8221;36859260|colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_yes|||||||||colbreak_no||||||||||colbreak_no|||||||||&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1693265733571{padding-top: 60px !important;padding-bottom: 60px !important;background-position: 0 0 !important;background-repeat: repeat !important;}&#8221;][vc_column thsn-bg-image-position=&#8221;right-top&#8221; thsn-bg-image-color-order=&#8221;image-over-color&#8221; thsn-extended-column=&#8221;left&#8221; width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1568635986206{padding-top: 100px !important;padding-bottom: 130px !important;background-color: #f7f7f7 !important;background-position: 0 0 !important;background-repeat: repeat !important;}&#8221;][vc_single_image image=&#8221;21585&#8243; img_size=&#8221;full&#8221; css=&#8221;.vc_custom_1781564005649{margin-bottom: 0px !important;}&#8221; el_class=&#8221;thsn-border-effect&#8221;]<div  class=\"themesion-ele themesion-ele-fid themesion-ele-fid-style-3 \"><div class=\"thsn-fld-contents\">\r\n\t<div class=\"thsn-fld-wrap d-flex align-items-center\">\r\n\t\t<div class=\"thsn-fid-inner\">\r\n\t\t\t\t\t\t<span\r\n\t\t\t\tclass\t\t\t\t  = \"thsn-number-rotate\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-appear-animation = \"animateDigits\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-from             = \"0\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-to               = \"20\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-interval         = \"5\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-before           = \"\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-before-style     = \"\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-after            = \"\"\r\n\t\t\t\tdata-after-style      = \"\"\r\n\t\t\t\t>\r\n\t\t\t\t\t20\t\t\t<\/span>\r\n\t\t\t<span class=\"thsn-fid-sub\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<\/div>\r\n\t\t\t\t<h3 class=\"thsn-fid-title\"><span>Years of Experience Serving You.<br><\/span><\/h3>\r\n\t\t\t<\/div>\r\n<\/div><!-- .thsn-fld-contents -->\r\n<\/div>[\/vc_column][vc_column width=&#8221;1\/2&#8243; thsn-responsive-css=&#8221;34274097|colbreak_no|||||||||colbreak_no|50||||||50||colbreak_no||||||||||colbreak_no|||||||||&#8221;][vc_column_text css=&#8221;&#8221;]<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">Imp\u00f4ts ici can help you document the tax position taken. This documentation is important if a payer applies a default withholding, if a tax authority requests justification, or if a foreign return must reflect the same treatment as the Canadian return.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">This documentation is particularly important for recurring situations: annual pensions, dividends, rents, service contracts, or employment income split between two countries. A well-documented position from the first year facilitates future filings and reduces the risks of inconsistency between tax administrations.<\/p>\n<p style=\"text-align: justify\">When multiple countries are involved, this verification must be repeated for each of them. A valid treatment with the United States, France, or another country does not automatically apply to another jurisdiction. Each treaty must be read separately.<\/p>\n<p>[\/vc_column_text][\/vc_column][\/vc_row]<\/p>\n<\/div>","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>Learn about international tax treaties and how Imp\u00f4ts ici can assist you.<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":22081,"parent":22000,"menu_order":11,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"closed","template":"","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"footnotes":""},"class_list":["post-22012","page","type-page","status-publish","has-post-thumbnail","hentry"],"acf":[],"yoast_head":"<!-- This site is optimized with the Yoast SEO plugin v28.6 - https:\/\/yoast.com\/product\/yoast-seo-wordpress\/ -->\n<title>Canada\u2019s International Tax Treaties | Imp\u00f4ts Ici<\/title>\n<meta name=\"description\" content=\"Residency, permanent establishment, withholding, foreign tax credits and double taxation under Canada\u2019s tax treaties.\" \/>\n<meta name=\"robots\" content=\"index, follow, max-snippet:-1, max-image-preview:large, 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